Nearly 96% of all employers allow employees and covered beneficiaries to fill medication prescriptions from either retail or mail-service pharmacy.1 In 2009, mail-service pharmacies dispensed approximately 238 million prescriptions, representing 6.6% of the 3.6 billion prescriptions dispensed that year.2 Mail-service pharmacies have enjoyed high levels of consumer satisfaction.3 Mail-service pharmacies offer consumers the convenience of home delivery, online ordering and renewal processes, and prescriptions filled with a 90-day supply of medication.
Unlike mail-service pharmacies, retail pharmacies traditionally dispensed maintenance medication prescriptions with a 30-day supply. However, the retail landscape changed in May 2008 with Walmart’s announcement of an extension of the $4 Prescription Program to include 90-day-supply prescriptions of select maintenance medications for $10.4 Although positioned primarily as a program to lower drug costs for the uninsured for a limited number of chronic medications, the program was available to virtually all consumers. Many retail pharmacy chains followed this lead, instituting similar low-cost, 90-day-supply drug programs.
For individuals with a pharmacy insurance benefit, access to a 90-day supply of maintenance medications, either through mail or retail pharmacy, expanded as payers and pharmacy benefits managers (PBMs) began enhancing their retail pharmacy networks and pharmacy benefit designs. As a response to these initiatives, CVS Caremark, Rite Aid Health Solutions, and Walgreens Health Initiatives now offer programs that allow consumers to receive 90-day-supply prescriptions via mail or retail pharmacy. Today, even stand-alone PBMs, such as Express Scripts and Medco Health Solutions, have retail pharmacy networks that accommodate 90-day prescriptions.
According to the 2010-2011 Prescription Drug Benefit Cost and Plan Design report, 96.3% of employers offer access to mail-service pharmacy for maintenance medications (routinely dispensed with 90-day supplies) but 58.3% also use retail pharmacies to dispense maintenance supplies of medications.1
The availability of prescriptions with an expanded-day supply in retail pharmacies may have important implications for medication adherence. Recent evaluations of mail-service pharmacy have documented improved medication adherence compared with prescriptions dispensed with 30-day supplies via retail pharmacy, in large part because of the availability of extended-day supply dispensed with each prescription.5,6 Yet despite the recent expansion of 90-day prescription drug access at retail pharmacies, little has been documented in peer-reviewed literature about the use of these programs by consumers. Understanding this trend has important implications for payers and patients.
Methods
To document recent medication trends, we measured changes in paid pharmacy claims purchased at retail pharmacies and adjudicated by CVS Caremark during the 3-year period from 2007 through 2009. To be eligible, a payer had to fulfill the following criteria:
- Provide covered beneficiaries with pharmacy insurance benefits administered by CVS Caremark continuously from January 1, 2007, through December 31, 2009
- Not mandate maintenance medications to be dispensed by a mail-service pharmacy
- Have no more than ±15% change in average membership between calendar years 2008 and 2009.
During the study period (2007-2009), the use of 90-day-supply prescriptions among Medicaid beneficiaries was negligible and thus excluded. Eligible paid pharmacy claims were (1) submitted by a retail pharmacy, (2) designated as a maintenance medication by either Medi-Span or First DataBank, and (3) adjudicated and paid during the 3-year study period.
In January 2009, CVS Caremark launched Maintenance Choice—a pharmacy benefit design which, in general, provides members with the choice of receiving their 90-day prescriptions through CVS Caremark mail-service pharmacy or at a CVS/pharmacy retail location for the same out-of-pocket (ie, copayment) cost as a mail prescription. Because the CVS Caremark PBM data overrepresents this Maintenance Choice pharmacy benefit, we stratified the results by retail pharmacy—CVS/pharmacy versus all other retail pharmacies.
The overall trend in dispensing 90-day prescriptions was tested for statistical significance using the Cochran- Armitage test for trend, testing the frequency of 90-day-supply prescriptions monthly over the study period.
Results
In total, we included 467 million claims adjudicated for 27 million members covered by 1115 insurers. Figure 1 displays the percent of maintenance prescriptions dispensed with a 90-day supply (thereafter, 90-day ratio) from January 2007 through December 2009. As of the first quarter of 2007, the 90-day ratio was 5.1%, 5.1%, and 5.0% for Medicare Part D plans, self-insured employers, and private health plans, respectively. As of December 2009, the 90-day ratio had risen to 8.0% for Medicare and 8.1% for health plans; the ratio among employers had risen more modestly to 6.1%.
Among the network of CVS/pharmacy retail stores, the 90-day ratio increased by 13.4 percentage points among employers, with substantial increases subsequent to the launch of Maintenance Choice.
Of particular interest, the 90-day ratio increased similarly for brand and generic medications, with the ratio increasing by 3.3 percentage points for brand-name and for generic drugs. Comparable increases were noted for generic drugs that were included on and omitted from the $10/90 generic drug program lists (Figure 2). The increase in dispensed 90-day prescriptions at retail pharmacies during this period was significant (P <.001).
Discussion
The growth in the 90-day ratio reveals a preference by consumers and further supports the growing body of evidence in support of offering consumers access to extended-day supplies of prescriptions at mail and retail pharmacies. Consumers cite high levels of overall satisfaction with retail and mail pharmacy services3,7,8 and value choice in pharmacy and prescription drug access.9 According to recent market research conducted by Walgreens, nearly 4 of 5 patients stated a preference for receiving their 90-day prescription at a retail pharmacy rather than by mail.10
Furthermore, in a recent study of consumer pharmacy preference, Liberman and colleagues showed that among commercially insured patients who transitioned from mandatory mail benefit to the Maintenance Choice benefit, 66.3% of those initiating therapy without a recent mail pharmacy prescription and 23.7% of current mail-service pharmacy users selected a retail pharmacy for subsequent 90-day-supply prescriptions.11 This benefit design, however, in general charges the consumer with the same copayment, regardless of the pharmacy channel selected. Not all pharmacy programs apply identical copayments for mail or retail pharmacy dispensed as 90-day prescriptions, and this will likely alter consumer preference and program uptake.
The growth in 90-day prescriptions at retail pharmacies has implications for medication adherence. In a recent study of 13,922 patients from the Kaiser Permanente Northern California diabetes registry, Duru and colleagues reported that mail-order pharmacy users had better adherence to antiglycemic, antihypertensive, and dyslipidemic medications.6 In a study of oral antidiabetic medication use, Devine and colleagues used propensity scores to match 14,600 cases to 43,800 controls selected from the MarketScan database.5 After adjustment, mail-service pharmacy users realized significantly higher adherence rates. In addition, the improved adherence was associated with lower total and diabetes-related medical costs over time.
Although we are unaware of any research that demonstrates improved adherence with 90-day medication access at retail pharmacy, it is reasonable to assume that access to a 90-day supply of medication, regardless of point of access (retail or mail), would be associated with an improvement in adherence and improved control of many chronic conditions. If so, the recent studies of mail-service pharmacy by Devine and colleagues and Duru and colleagues provide compelling, supporting evidence for that likely improvement in adherence.5,6
Limitations
This analysis was limited to prescriptions managed through insurance benefits of a major PBM. As such, it is potentially not representative of the consumer behavior related to prescriptions purchased without the use of such insurance (ie, cash purchases) nor those related to some government programs that provide beneficiaries copay assistance (ie, Medicaid).
Furthermore, because of the increasing availability of cash-only programs, it is possible that the actual access to, and use of, 90-day prescription supplies are higher than our estimates.
Conclusion
Optimizing access to essential medications while managing pharmacy expenditures is a key function of PBMs.12 Benefit managers must weigh the potential value of increased convenience against the potential costs of providing access through different distribution channels. Nonetheless, the growth in 90-day prescriptions at retail pharmacy is likely to continue as more insurance providers adopt compatible benefit designs.
Preliminary research indicates the potential benefits to the consumer by providing greater convenience and satisfaction, and overall health benefits resulting from improved medication adherence. It is important to continue monitoring these trends and to identify opportunities to rigorously evaluate their impact on healthcare costs and utilization.
Editor’s Note
This article originally appeared in American Health & Drug Benefits, March/April 2011, Volume 4, No 2. Used with permission.
Author Disclosure Statement
Dr. Liberman has reported no conflicts of interest. Ms. Girdish owns stock in CVS Caremark. CVS Caremark provided support for this study.
References
- Pharmacy Benefits Management Institute. Prescription Drug Benefit Cost and Plan Design Online Report, 2010-2011 Edition. www.pbmi.com/BenefitDesign.asp. Accessed December 9, 2010.
- National Association of Chain Drug Stores. Industry facts-at-a-glance. www.nacds. org/wmspage.cfm?parm1=6536#pharmpricing. Accessed September 9, 2010.
- Birtcher KK, Shepherd MD. Users’ perceptions of mail-service pharmacy. Am Pharm. 1992;NS31:35-41.
- Walmart. Walmart launches phase three of $4 Prescription Program. May 5, 2008. http://walmartstores.com/pressroom/news/8248.aspx. Accessed September 9, 2010.
- Devine S, Vlahiotis A, Sundar H. A comparison of diabetes medication adherence and healthcare costs in patients using mail order pharmacy and retail pharmacy. J Med Econ. 2010;13:203-211.
- Duru OK, Schmittdiel JA, Dyer WT, et al. Mail-order pharmacy use and adherence to diabetes-related medications. Am J Manag Care. 2010;16:33-40.
- J.D. Power and Associates. 2009 National Pharmacy Study. www.jdpower.com/ healthcare/articles/2009-National-Pharmacy-Study/. Accessed February 25, 2011.
- 90-day Rx solution. More health plans implement mandatory mail-order pharmacy programs, yielding greater savings and adherence rates. Drug Benefit News. 2010;11:1-2. www.silverlink.com/assets/pdfs/silverlinknews/dbn030510.pdf. Accessed March 11, 2011.
- Desselle SP. Determinants of satisfaction with prescription drug plans. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2001;58:1110-1119.
- Business Wire. Walgreens to promote 90-day prescriptions at community pharmacies in Minneapolis. August 3, 2010. www.businesswire.com/news/home/ 20100803006228/en/Walgreens-Promote-90-Day-Prescriptions-Community-Pharmacies-Minneapolis. Accessed August 26, 2010.
- Liberman JN, Wang Y, Hutchins DS, et al. Revealed preference for retail and mail-service pharmacy. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2011;51:50-57.
- Shrank WH, Porter ME, Jain SH, Choudhry NK. A blueprint for pharmacy benefit managers to increase value. Am J Manag Care. 2009;15:87-93.